Legal Aspects

Talking about the legal aspects of healthcare administration means taking into consideration the law that governs all the transactions that are carried out within the medical field so as to protect both the medical practitioner and the patient, with a dominant motive of bringing about improved quality of life devoid of diseases. It is believed widely that knowledge and the strengthening of these legal aspects will also bring ameliorations in the field of medicine and to this end, efforts are being made to make this set of information on the legal aspects as accessible as possible by feeding them into both the electronic media such as computers, televisions, and radios among others, and print media comprising the newspapers, journals, magazines, and periodicals among others. The ninth edition of the legal aspects of health tried to fulfill this purpose by taking a historical approach to the legal aspects of health care so as to showcase the accruals that have been made through these undertakings plainly when addressing their counterparts who are the pharmacists, physicians, physical therapists, assistant physicians, imaging technicians and respiratory therapists among others. Apart from the eighth edition chapter which revised the important issues of patient safety and sought to provide self assessment in evaluating the prospects of healthcare organizations, the World Wide Search chapter sought to inculcate global awareness in health and law –related spheres. This culminated in the ‘’last chapter journey to excellence’’ which after a decade of survey introduced an exotic approach into bolstering these laws to better the medical field by bringing healthcare institutions together (Pozgar & Santucci, 2006). On the other hand, the basic concepts of insurance portend the derivative, a table which shows the financial transactions that occur between two players; the insurer and the insured, in the field of insurance. The balance between what the two should pay each other being directly proportional to the magnitude of the danger involved for both parties. Although this concept is used as a formula to calculate the â€Å"expected payoff†, it is not yet adequate since it ignores the concept of inflation. According to Durbin, (1990) this problem can be solved by â€Å"discounting payoffs by a risk less return† and â€Å"using risk –adjusted probabilities that is â€Å"risk-neutral probabilities†. When calculating the payoffs. In a case whereby the insurer fails to dissolve risks through decentralization, the standoff can be resolved by â€Å"assuming the market price to be the value which will be used to infer the risk-neutral probabilities that determines these values† Durbin maintains that workers compensation insurance differs from liability insurance since in the former it is mandatory for employers to subscribe for their employees with the major cost component of workers compensation being loss of wages. This also covers occupational injuries and diseases picked at work-the employer assumes responsibility regardless of whose fault it was. It covers against dangers ranging from injuries, diseases, rehabilitation of the employee, loss of salary, medical treatment, to death. Conversely, liability insurance is a coverage that protects against claims against the insurance holder of property damage, personal injury, and negligence. The complainants could be the employees, the repair people, delivery people who may come into contact with the business property. There are two types of liability insurance: liabilities to non-members which covers mostly under a Comprehensive General Liability (CGL) terms and to members of the firm comprising employees and partners. The CGL normally covers payments resulting from accidents, immediate medical expense as a result of the above, the attorney fee and investigation expenses and the cost of court bonds. The difference between claims made and occurrence coverage is that the latter caters for claims made and reported to the insurer while the contract remains in force. During the primordial years when the policy is being renewed, the premium increases to take into account the potentiality of claims being reported from both current and previous policy periods. The former, normally regarded as the traditional form of coverage on the other hand is used to provide professional liability insurance. It caters for injury or damage incurred during the policy period regardless of when the claims are reported. Occurrence coverage also provides long term protection for any covered claims that may arise at any time in future (Robinson & Scherlen, 2007). Reference. Durbin, D. & Borba, P. (1993).Workers compensation. United States: Kluwer Academic. Durbin, T.B. & Durbin, T.B. Jr. (1990).Group insurance: basic concepts and alternatives. United States: American College Insurance Group Pozgar, G & Santucci, N. (2006).Legal aspects of healthcare and administration. United States: James &Bartlett Publishers. Robinson, M. & Scherlen R. (2007). Drug control. United States of America (USA): State University of New York Press.   

How Recent Japanese Boys Are Getting Femininize Essay

The recent male Japanese gender identity is so unique in the same way as their culture. Most of them are fashionable and they always care about their hairstyles just like girls, and desire to be skinny. The reason why they look so feminine is not just because they want to become a Kabuki Onnagata actors. There is a controversial reason. Since the women are getting a bigger part in the society, Japanese gender roles have drastically changed. Previously in Japan, women used to be expected to follow men and learn house works to get married with men who are introduced by parents or marriage meeting. However, as women’s rate increased in the company, men more and more feel small. As women has got more money and free time, the media started to illustrate their desire. If they have the high expectation for men, guys tried to fill up it. This is the beginning of the system where guys follow the women’s expectations, and recently it is distorting Japanese male identity. Women’s expectations for men cause the disturbance of masculinity, and especially the medias emphasis the distort the images of male identity. The media always represents the value of the current people, and especially recent Japanese media is inclined to the women’s opinions, and it distorts gender identity. Recent Japanese guys are so feminine. Whenever you walk around a city, you can find guys who are wearing skinny jeans, or guys who have long hair like girls. You can even find guys wearing girls’ clothes. To describe those guys, there are a lot of slangs words, such as â€Å"Sousyoku-kei-danshi†, â€Å"Otokono-ko†, â€Å"Jyosoushi†, â€Å"Oto-men†, and so on. Sousyoku-kei danshi† means herbivore men who do not act aggressively and they favor the peace in the group, so they don’t have interest in girls, love, and they even don’t want to make love. There is a ranking research for asking them why you don’t have girl friends. The popular reasons are that â€Å"they want to enjoy their time†, â€Å"they are satisfied with current situations†, â€Å"troublesome†, â€Å" because of shyness†, â€Å" feeling easy with guys†, and so on. Thus, they are negative for not only girls but also other things. It’s kind of similar as herbivore animals, so they are named like this. For them, violence is not real and they hate to compete with people, so they don’t work out like other counties’ guy want to become muscular. Instead, they believe working out is a gay’s work, and good men should be skinny to wear fashionable clothes. They have grown up in the resection, so they don’t desire luxuries. If someone show off the richness the they would look down on the Off course there are opinions that the economic situation and education influence their value to live. While Japanese young people used to consume cars, brand products and travel to overseas during bubble era, current youth do not desire these things because they have shifted value. Previously Japanese youth wanted to emphasize richness, so they bought expensive products as if they were competing, but that is considered as stupid now because recent young people want average things. They are not good at competing with others and do not want to be distinguished from others because they experienced how much it scares to been left out. For example, the media has exposed the decline of big stars. Most poplar actress, hottest athlete and other famous talents are charged just because they made a slip of a tongue. They treat them as criminal. Moreover, once comedians become popular and are shown on too many programs, audience tend to want them to disappear. Not only the other world, they also have watched the real life bullies. That is why they do not behave like muscular guy, and cherish the cooperativeness with others. That is what girls have expected to have in Japan. education also affect their value. Japanese young generations are lacking the competitive spirit because Japanese have gotten a more relaxed education since the 1980’s, which means setting high price on the individualistic value. this education system is influenced by America because Japanese education system was too competitive. They had memorized text as much as possible to pass the entrance test for university. To improve such machine like education and prize the individual value, they needed the system that makes students have their own opinions and take more time to discuss how to solve problems around them. However, it didn’t work because Japanese people are culturally passive, so few people make statements in classroom, as a result, while the amount of the words which students have to memorize decrease, they came not to consider, as a result, the system just cut off the amount of study. Furthermore, it becomes easy to go to university because the traditional entrance test become easy, 50% student pass the entrance test only by the interview. Which is not enough to explain the reason why Japanese guys are motivated to be feminine or skinny. However, those facts do not directly influence the gender identity because they still have money if they live with family and Japanese schools still have traditional gender treatment for each boys and girls. The media is the most influential factor to distort the male role in Japan, and drama is one of the good sources to know how different the gender role is. Traditionally Japanese TV love dramas illustrate the trend of each age, so if it’s compared up to each age, it’s easy to understand the value for the era. In the bubble age, the heroes had longing jobs, such as advertising, travel agency, or someone who works at oversea, and story is about the love affairs of a group of several characters. Most women admire life in the drama and fashion of female role, and they desire to have same one or try to find those guys who can purchase it for them. At that time they expected guys to economic force, and they thought guys should have the competitive power, so that was common like other countries. However, some women started to be suspicious about the masculinity because Japanese society was still male-dominated base, so it was not interesting for some. And then, they became to hope that the next generation or their kids to be more kind. Women’s expectations shifted from the masculinity to gentle conduct to females. Thus, the herbivore men generations started to be born. Fashion is the most the concern things in some people feel young generation feel they want to go drink or play around if they don’t have the good cloth Likewise the topic in the girls’ magazine, Japanese guys also interested in health and not only the talent Japanese male life is not also become feminine. I did not mean the discrimination, but just criticize the Japanese too much self-concerning. In the 80s, Japanese media used to show the Yankees or yakuza kind of stories on the drama, and that was a fundamental stereotype in Japan because people in that age still believed that the guys must be strong and male also dominated society. The representative drama is â€Å"School Wars†. The story is about that a former Japan national rugby team player hired as a high school rugby coach. However, the school is famous for the bad boys and especially the rugby kid’s were uncontrolled. The team straggles with a lot of problems and in the story, but finally the coach pulls the team together and won the high school national rugby tournament. That kind of story is so-called â€Å"spokon†, and this genre became a popular at the era because the story is quit simple and make audience refresh the mind. However, the some guys also admire those images on such a drama, so it let them go into juvenile delinquency, and it became a social issue. To prevent from such behavior, Japan broadcast committee came to make restrictions for violence scenes, so those dramas disappeared from the screen. At the same time the male gaze objectified women on screen, so there are so many comedy shows that describe the women naked on midnight. In the 90’s to early 00’s, Japanese media was drastically changed and the contents had became to reflect women’s request, so the popular genre shifted from â€Å"spokon† to love romance which is so-called â€Å"trendy-drama†. The stories look at the girl’s comics and got a large female audience. In this decade, a lot of women came into the society, so feminists and female employee criticized about the strongly male dominate society. Those dramas also illustrate the ideal women workers role, so that got support from women, and Japanese media gradually start leaning to the women side. Not only the dramas, the music shows also became popular because J-pop reached the peak of popularity, especially Johnny & Association, producing boys’ celebrity groups company, turn out many popular groups, and got the many funs, so the media producers learned that they can got huge viewers and sponsored instead of the actors if they have the acting skills or not. As a result, those good-looking celebrities dominated Japanese dramas, movies, or even music industry. At the same time, those body images threat people’s self esteem. It was raised as a social issue that Girls obsess with the dieting and desire to be thin, so it also caused the eating disorder. Current youth guys has grown up in this era and exposed those ideal models of new masculinity by the media, as a result appearance is spontaneously placed on their primary concerns. As Iida says â€Å"It was the development of an image/information oriented mode of capitalist economy of the 1990s that made the imaginative exploration of alternate selves, including the aesthetically sophisticated self-representation by young men, a highly desired economic practice. (2) People were motivated to imitate the behave of celebrities, so young generations takes it for granted to blush up their appearance to be attractive or popular in their class room. Since later 00’s, the image-oriented capitalism became hash and distorts body images, and especially guys are objectified as much as female objectification on the screen because the media producers change the strategies to get audience. TV stations basically depend on the advertising income, but sponsors do not offer the advertising cost because youth generations came not to watch TV compared to the 90’s young generation. Even thought drama story were written by originally until beginning of 90’s, most recent dramas are based on the girl’s comics because there are funs that already know the comic, so it’s easy to correct audience. Moreover, the girls comic stories usually appear a lot of hansom roles, and producers can adopt good looking celebrities who also have a large number of funs, so it can get viewers As a result, particular kind of fetishisms become to be represented in the drama. For example, â€Å"Ouran High School Host Club† is a drama, which visualized originally from popular girls comic. The story is about the official host club in boys school treat the patrons from girls school next to there. In such a daily life, character makes problems. The male characters are unique and created by the women’s fetish. Suou Tamaki is a selfish but good at to escort girls and categorized as an â€Å"Oujisama kei ikemen†, which means prince kind guy. Yusuke Yamamoto, a most popular young actor plays this role. His face is well organized and looks feminine, but girls regard him as neutral and adore. Mitukuni Haninostuka is also representative in this drama. He always has a rabbit dole and behaves like a girl, but it stimulates the maternity of girls. Although Yudai Chiba is a popular fashion model in the male magazine, but he paly this role because his face is so sophisticated and feminine. Even though this drama is for girls, both Yamamoto and Chiba are supported by male youth and they suggest those guys a new kind of masculinity that is leaning to famine side not only on the screen but also on the magazine. Guys who are sensitive for appearance imitate their fashions, behavior or life stile. That’s the major reason why Japanese youth are getting feminine. In later 00’s, this male objectification has started on the drama commercials or paper media also force them pay attention to their appearance. While Japanese commercials are traditionally celebrities make the products look good, the characters on the current commercials are different from a decade ago. The clients favor to use more neutral guys to promote their products. A typical example is that suits company, â€Å"Haruyama†, adopt AKB48 for their male suits commercial. The company considers that AKB48 is a Japanese most popular female group, so they can attract a lot of guys fun. At the same time, they wanted to highlight their thinness of suits by letting girls wear the male suits. What we can see this commercial is that how much Japanese guys desire to be thin or look slim. As I mention that, most of Japanese girls are stick to the skinny body images, but it’s not only women’s issues anymore. Japanese guys also want to be skinny because those who are recognized as an ideal guy is like a western looking just like girl’s comic represent. To the matter is worse, Japanese cosmetic company; publishing company or TV comedy shows have a promotion campaign, and exploit for them to come close to the images. For example, Rohto Pharmaceutical CO. , Ltd produce a many kinds of male cosmetics, and push the strong messages on commercials like â€Å" if you don’t use this, girls never come close to you†. The extreme campaign is that they force them to do whitening their skin just like women. This kind of objectification to guys as a female is often seen on the media. Magazines for men force them to be fashionable as much as girls do, and teach them how to deal with the male cosmetic products. At the one corner of popular TV comedy show, guys are dressed like women and compete how much they are beautiful even though they are not homosexual or transvestite. Iida mentions, â€Å"†¦the idea that the â€Å"feminisation of culture† leads to the â€Å"feminisation of masculinity† is an interesting proposition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (3). Thus, Japanese society itself threat young guys to be clean, skinny or feminine. Japanese young men are looking for the new muscularity under the media pressure, women’s high expectations, and hyper pure society. As the media describe, the ideal parson is that he is tall, skinny, understanding what girls are thinking and having the flexibility to correspond to the social requirement. That model is rare or no exist case, but the media never stop exposing those ideal. To matter worse, Japanese are not good at to accept or discuss the extra ordinal thoughts. While that ideal mode is completely unusual or wrong, they are stick to it, so most of guys feel unconfident about themselves. They are lacking self-esteem, so they cannot be aggressive toward girls. They think they must be fashionable and keep cleanness wherever they go, but women do not so much care about the men’s appearance when they chose their partner. In fact, some of them are more likely to get marry with previous generation guys in 30’s to 40’s because their self-esteem is high enough to approach the women regardless of their appearance. If male appearance is the first priority for women to decide marriage, the young generation must superior to that generation. However, the fact is different. The thing is that women are more realistic than men. While they admire those who inside of the media, they know that is not real. That becomes variance for those guys wants to response to women’s demand. While elderly critic often argue about this issue, that was never understood by their generations because their generation was not complex as much as nowadays, so it stereotypically analyzed and label young guys as inferior new type, and make fun of them it just like a game. However, they should take it account that social expectations are shifted, and guys are expected to have more female role to coexist with women. The gender could not be easily judged by biological role in current complex society. â€Å"Sue Thornman claims that a â€Å"female person† holds a â€Å"doublesubjectivity† ;while â€Å"she represents herself to herself,† she also performs a role of another subject who â€Å"consciously creates, manipulates, and compensates for the figurability of an imaginary subject that projects cohesiveness as its founding assumption through a fictional body. â€Å"(5 Iida). To response to social demand, guys are just imitating the female behavior not because they actually wants to be a women, so the media should let them know it, and suggest how understand the female role and new male identity. In conclusion, distorted masculinity by the media make Japanese young guys hard to find appropriate model. Older generations also critici ze their constructing new way, so it makes more difficult issue. Most young generations get the complex from that reason, and they seem lack the self-esteem. However, those who suffer the issue must ignore what the media expose. Most Japanese people tend to believe that the media is truth because they used to follow the majority. As I mentioned, most Japanese people are disciplined not to have the individualistic opinions. In the class, it’s rare to be asked their opinions and only take the note what teachers are talking or writing on the board. As a result, they stick to one idea. They also lack the experience to acknowledge other cultures. They don’t know how fouling people observe themselves because majority of Japanese never been abroad. Japanese society is traditionally closed, so problems become too domestic. If it’s the U. S. people express the rejection to the media like Justin Bever is criticized as a gay singer. Even though minority people criticize about that on 2ch, those people are thought they are dropped from the main stream and are not persuasive because they hide their name. Anyway, to combat this issue, Japanese must be more flexible and reject to be brainwashed by the media.

Lady in Her Bath

The Renaissance began in the late 15th century and spanned from Italy to throughout Europe, and it was a rebirth of everything ranging from economy to art. Francois Clouet was a painter to the Kings and his work â€Å"Lady in Her Bath†, embraced this new form of artistic expression. In this paper I am going to explain how the â€Å"Lady in Her Bath† painting reflects the culture and ideology of the Renaissance Era and as well, explain some of the values, influences, themes, and techniques used. I will also provide information about the social, political and religious history of the Renaissance Era that influenced its art and artists. The Lady in her bath was painted in 1571 and is said to be the most interesting painting by Clouet; he is also said to be the first ever artist to use the bath as a setting for a portrait (Answer. com). The painting has all the classical signs of Renaissance art, and is secular in theme and emphasizes the grandeur of the individual. Clouet’s painting shows the culture and ideology of the Era by showing how wealthy the woman was and that she must have come from a wealthy family. It was said at one time that the painting of the woman in this picture was one of the mistresses of Henry II, but that has now been ruled out. She (the woman in the painting) is wearing what looks to be a couple of expensive pieces of jewelry, which in the Renaissance Era, it wasn’t normal for individuals to wear jewelry because most of the people were too poor to buy things that weren’t a necessity to support themselves or their families. Another sign that the woman must be wealthy or from a wealthy family is that she has a fresh bowl of fruit sitting next to her while she is bathing. To the poor, baths were to clean themselves up not for relaxation. Some of the techniques Clouet continued to use were the conventions of the international portrait style which was prevalent throughout the courts of Europe. These techniques were passed down from Clouet’s father, Jean Clouet (Answer. com). Oil painting and water color was also other techniques Clouet used. The term Renaissance is French for â€Å"rebirth†, and it was the rebirth of Europe from the 14th through the early 17th centuries. Europe emerged from the economic stagnation of the Middle Ages and experienced a time of financial growth. This Era turned artistic, social, scientific and political thoughts in new directions. The Renaissance generated three ideas that were frowned upon during the Middle Ages; secularism (the belief that religion has no place in the day to day activities), humanism (the cultural and intellectual movement that emphasized secular concerns as a result of the discovery of literature and art), and individualism (belief in the importance of the individual and the virtues of self reliance and personal independence) (Wikipedia. om). Writers and artists began to focus on the individual and their potential. During the time of the Renaissance Era, people were becoming more aware of Christianity and the Catholic religion was being pushed aside. Religious books were being rewritten and new laws were coming into order as well. The wealthy people were the ones keeping the Catholic religion alive while the poor were the ones converting to Christianity. The â€Å"Lady in her Bath† painting by Clouet is not only a beautiful example of Europe’s rebirth, but of art and the artists during that time; from the new techniques that were being used to the different types of paints from oil to water color. And most significantly, it shows the transition from religious only paintings to more secular paintings that depict just how beautiful the human body is; transforming embarrassment and shame to embracement. References Answer.com. Francois Clouet. Retrieved on 01/16/2013 at: http://www.answers.com/topic/jean-and-fran-ois-clouet French Renaissance. Retrieved on 01/16/2013 at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Renaissance History of the Renaissance, Retrieved on 01/15/2013 at: http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ac88 National Gallery of Art: The Collection (2008). Francois Clouet, A lady in her Bath. Retrieved on 01/15/2013 at: http://www.nga.gov/collection/gallery/gg41a/gg41a-46112.html

Urban Rural divide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Urban Rural divide - Essay Example This diverse population in the demographic makeup of the rural sections of the country also has a vastly broad economic composition. It is notable that agriculture constitutes the relatively vast percentage of the rural economy (Great Britain, p 3, 2008). Through such observations, the government of UK is taking into account several measures to initiate programs that facilitate growth and development in the country, particularly the rural settings to ensure they catch up in development to the pace at urban locations (Farmer & Currie, p 54, 2009). Consequently, in taking these measures, the government is keen to adopt strategies and welfare policies that facilitate growth and development and encourage the working age to be more productive. The policies in their contribution are factoring the component of proofing the policies and strategies adopted to ensure that such strategies and policies of development are effective in achieving success for each of the communities, individuals and business elements in England. The urban-rural divide remains a core factor of consideration in alleviating the economic and social development of the entire England nation. The rural divide in England takes three key aspects, which entail the economic growth, the quality of life and the rural engagement aspect of the entire communities in the rural England (Michale Woods, p 581, 2006). The rural statement entails underlining the commitment of the England government to the rural elements that facilitate success. The statement reflects the vision for successful business at the rural community, thriving accordingly in living and working from the countryside; hence, better welfare (Pateman, p 43, 2010). The key objectives of bridging the urban-rural divide in this concept thus base on three key priorities. The vital areas of precedence for the policy entail establishing the

Reflection Paper - 10 Principles learned so far Essay

Reflection Paper - 10 Principles learned so far - Essay Example I learned that a narrative essay’s aim is to tell a story in a clear and structured fashion to assist the readers in understanding and in empathizing with the characters in the story. Descriptive From the descriptive essay entitled â€Å"The Loneliness of Rose† written by Jon Katz, I realized that this kind of literary work focuses on providing detailed illustration of the topic being discussed – in this essay, a border collie named Rose. The author went on great lengths to provide details of Rose’s skills, traits, the work being done, competencies as a work dog. Another essay, â€Å"Traffic Jams† also provide descriptive information on a routine back home from work, travelling the Manhattan to Brooklyn plight. The traffic jam situation could ordinarily be viewed as an uncomfortable test of one’s patience but the vast amount of details provide replete amounts of descriptive details worthy of the reflective time. Persuasive The abovementioned essays under the descriptive principle have elements of persuasive details. In â€Å"Perfect Picture† through narration, the author likewise persuades the readers for the need to discern appropriate judgment in determining options and alternatives presented in particular situations.

Telecommunications, broadband and internet industry Essay

Telecommunications, broadband and internet industry - Essay Example The international call minutes are around 70 % and the consumers use prepaid calling cards for making international calls. However, the rate has considerably fallen down due to the introduction of VoIP based calling cards. Likewise, they are of low cost and the majority of the population in Bahrain is expatriates (Research, 2011). Moreover, in 2008 -2009, Wimax was launched by two different service providers and in the mid 2009, Wimax demonstrated a 30% share in the broadband services sector (Research, 2011). The telecommunication industry is continuously evolving due to up gradation of next generation networks. Moreover, the industry has its own significance in the context of human communication regardless of time, location and environmental factors, however, call rates may vary due to roaming services. Apart from advances in human communication, the industry has contributed to provide a carrier of digital transmission, for providing Internet to the people. The telecommunication and Internet industry in Bahrain has emerged as one of the fasting growing market. As per the telecommunication regulatory authority (TRA), a report was published indicating the rapid increase in revenue by 74% in between 2003 – 2006. Likewise, the industry contributed $194 Million in 2003, as compared to $342 Million in 2006. Both these figures demonstrates considerable rise in revenue by 28%. Moreover, the working force also increased to 2,322 from the total number of employees in 2003 i.e. 1,808 (Telecommunications market in bahrain one of the fastest growing.2007). The figures are from the first quarter of 2006. Moreover, the report also concluded an internet connection in almost half of the houses as compared to the two third percentages of fixed landline users. Furthermore, director of the telecommunication regulatory authority (TRA) praised the competitive marketing strategy of the government that resulted in a rise of the growth rate for the telecommunication and Interne t markets (Telecommunications market in bahrain one of the fastest growing.2007). Economic Trends The telecommunication sector in Bahrain has provided less opportunity to the foreign companies who wish to launch telecommunication providers. However, regional companies are welcomed whole-heartedly. The reason behind this strategy is the monopoly that has surrounded the telecommunication sector by party public owned operators knows as Bahrain telecommunication company (Batelco). The government has shows less efforts to modify the strategy in order to make competitors in the market. However, opportunities for foreigners are in terms of tenders of an investment program launched by Batelco (Noticiasdot.com ). Moreover, development of telecommunication infrastructure is up to the mark in spite of a non-competitive environment. This is mainly because the enlightened policy of modernization and diversification of Batelco is facilitated by its close resemblance with a strategic partner, name d as Cable and Wireless, sharing a 20% stake in the company (Noticiasdot.com). The priority is given to the implementation of a latest hardware equipped network that is compatible with wireless networks, high tech multimedia, and data services. These high tech services play an important role for the country as Bahrain is considered as a financial and regional hub. The government has shows some positive factors for the foreign investors in order to make a competitive enviro

Johnson & Johnson healthy future 2015 Research Paper

Johnson & Johnson healthy future 2015 - Research Paper Example It is necessary to recycle and use alternative energy to cut CO2 emission by a great percentage. Health of people throughout the world has been compromised with diseases like Tuberculosis and HIV killing over one million annually. Johnson and Johnson are an environmental conservation and a noon-profit organisation that conservesthe environment, and improve people’s health. The organisation has been in existence for over 125 years working environmental conservation. The Johnson and Johnson have come up with a Health future project that is going to be implemented over a five year period. Health future 2015 has a long commitment to address global health issues. Their primary goal is to create a healthy world by improving both human, and planet health. This campaign is aimed at aggressively reducing Co2 emission, water usage, and waste disposal by introducing six new sustainable products. This project identified stays sustained by the eco- friendly products that are developed and later sold to consumers. The organisation has recruited many volunteers and partners that are willing to help in conserving the environment and reduce its pollution. The project is tremendously beneficial to the globe and every person that loves the environment and health would be involved. The concept that Johnson and Johnson family target’s almost everybody because it helps, and at the same time educates. A person can get involve by simply using their environment al friendly products. This campaign will target the manufacturers, the ordinary person buying a product and those that require health assistant including those in the developing nations. Johnson and Johnson aim to achieve its goals up to 100%. Johnson and Johnson family collaboratesthroughdoctors plus nurses to aid them care for their patients, and give them the joy of health. This is paramount to me as a nurse. The organisation has health initiatives that help

Teaching Methods Mathematics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Teaching Methods Mathematics - Essay Example In this principle of one to one correspondence it is a necessary for a full understanding of numbers and emphasized by counting with the child's actions like counting her fingers or counting her crayons. They also learn this principle when they count while playing like jumping and swinging. They can participate in this activity while counting out loud. A rule can make like counting 1 to 20, then another person's turn. At an early age they are now able to detect that counting was wrong if counting of numbers is reversed in order or skipping two numbers it is a violation to stable order principle. They may said that there's a counting mistake. If counting violated the cardinality principle with the use of the same medium - a toy, states that the number was one more or less than had been counted, They usually said that the answer is wrong. Therefore, toddlers are learning the counting principles, even though they may continue to make counting mistakes when counting larger numbers. Larger number like counting 1 to 15 have a difficult time to understanding. The teacher can help them and learn about numbers providing a concrete demonstration of number.

Growth of Contemporary Christianity Research Paper

Growth of Contemporary Christianity - Research Paper Example According to the Pew Research Center, total Christian population is estimated to be 2.18 billion, out of 6.9 billion world population. Although the faith is considered to be a new advent in comparison with Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Judaism, yet the religion got popularity in all corners within few centuries of its advent. The credit certainly goes to the saints, preachers and the dedicated adherents of the faith, which turned out to be supportive in spreading its noble teachings. Although the founder of Christian faith belonged to Nazareth, the present day Asian state of Israel, yet it is very popular in Europe, America, Australia, Africa and remote areas of Asia. Growth of Christianity in India Although there is a misconception about the advent of the Christian faith in the aftermath of the European invasions on the sub-continent and colonization era, yet the belief has been introduced in the region during the apostolic age. Historical evidence reveals the very fact that Christianity got its way to the Indian sub-continent during the first century A.D., where St. Judas Thomas, one of the most dynamic pupils of Jesus Christ, was instructed to reach the northern parts of the country in order to spread the message of Christ and Scripture to the indigenous Indian population during the era of Indo-Parthian Kingdom of Takhshashila (Ninan, 2004: 5). ii The Acts of Thomasiii demonstrates that Thomas was successful in communicating the religious belief system to the monarch and subjects as well. Consequently, the king, his family and significant number of courtiers embraced Christianity. Kerala is stated to be the first region to accept Christianity by 3rd century A.D. Missickiv (20 02) notices the existence of an ancient Christian people living along the coast of Malabar in southern India whose origins extend back over one thousand years before they were discovered by European explorers. This is the same community that is claimed to be established by St. Thomas. Taken after the name of St. Thomas, this Mar-Thoma Christian community followed the Assyrian traditions of the faith, which actually consisted of the same conventions, language and teachings that had been attributed to Jesus Christ and his followers belonging to the areas situated in the present day Middle East. With the passage of time, Assyrian faith got popularity in the neighboring parts of the country, and the Indians suppressed under the nefarious clutches of caste and class Hindu system, sought relief in a religion that used to advocate equality, justice and respect of every citizen without discrimination. Consequently, the eastern and southern parts of the sub-continent also started welcoming C hristianity with open arms. Ninan also observes the arrival of Apostle Barthemew by 55 A.D. near Bombay, (present day coastal cosmopolitan city of Mumbai), who taught Gospel and other religious teachings to the local people, and played very important role in convincing different strata of the then Indian population. As a result, the members from the religious Brahman, warriors and peasant communities embraced new faith quite willingly.v However, it does not mean that the apostles and saints did not undergo trials and oppositions altogether in India. On the contrary, they had to face chains of difficulties and mountains of hardships during the course of introducing a religion that appeared to be quite opposite to the prevailing idol-worshipping teachings of the indigenous Hinduism. Thus, the apostles determined to spread Christianity in India had to meet with the same fate the African saints including St. Perpetua, St. Monica, St. Ambrose, St. Augustine of Hippo and others

A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens Essay Example for Free

A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens Essay Loyalty and duty is one of the main themes in A Tale of Two Cities. Dickens examines this theme on many different levels, looking at both the loyalty and duty involved in the characters personal relationships and their loyalty to certain causes or beliefs. Many of the characters in the book make great sacrifices due to loyalty on a national level or personal level. Lucie Manette shows great dedication and loyalty to her father, Dr. Manette. Though she once believed she was an orphan, when Lucie meets with her father she is unable to part with him. She looks after him and as the golden thread is able to bring him back to health and lovingly take care of him thereafter. Miss Pross, her nursemaid tells Mr. Lorry how Lucie had to persevere and showed tremendous devotion when she was nursing her father back to health He gets up in the dead of night She hurries to him and they go on together until her love and company have brought him to himself. (p94) She even says she is willing to avert her marriage plans despite her love for Darnay because she loves her father and does not want to leave him If my marriage were so arranged as that it would part us I should be more unhappy and self-reproachful now than I can tell you. (p180) Lucie sees it her duty as a daughter to look after Dr. Manette and throughout the book she demonstrates her loyalty to him She had been true to her duties. She was truest to them in the season of trial, as all the quietly loyal and good always will be. (p264) Lucie also shows loyalty when her husband, Darnay is imprisoned. Throughout his imprisonment, Lucie goes to stand outside the prison for two hours each day hoping that her husband will be able to see her. In all weathers she waited she never missed a single day. She is also loyal to Carton who professes his love for her. She makes sure that he is welcome in her home and that he is treated with respect despite his reputation and bad habits. She tells Darnay to Remember how strong we are in our happiness, and how weak he is in his misery!. At the end of the book Carton sacrifices his life in order to save Darnay. Lucie honours him even after his death by naming her son after him. Darnay himself shows loyalty to his old steward, Gabelle. Gabelle is imprisoned in France due to his relationship with the Evrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½monde family and he so he writes to Darnay appealing to his Justice, honour, and good name. (p233) Darnays sense of duty and responsibility forbids him to turn his back on Gabelle or on his country. He is unaware of how dangerous it will be for him in Paris and idealistically, he even believes that he may be able to calm some of the violence. Eventually, like a ship may be drawn to the Loadstone Rock, he decides to go to Paris and fulfil what he believes is his duty. Miss Pross is brusque, tough, and fiercely loyal to Lucie, her Ladybird. Mr Lorry admires her for being so humble and for adoring Lucie so much that she would do anything for her. He talks of Miss Pross being One of those unselfish creatures who will, for pure love and admiration, bind themselves willing slaves, (p92) At the beginning of the book, Miss Pross says that she will never go abroad If it was ever intended that I should go across salt water, do you suppose Providence would have cast my lot in an island. (p30). However, when Darnay goes secretly to France and Lucie hears of his imprisonment, Miss Pross accompanies her to France. She overcomes her fear of travelling out of loyalty to Lucie. At the end of the book, Miss Pross shows extreme courage and devotion to Lucie when she faces Madame Defarge to stop her discovering that Lucie is fleeing France. I dont care an English Twopence for myself. I know that the longer I keep you here, the greater hope there is for my Ladybird. (p352) Miss Pross then starts a violent fight with Madame Defarge though she had Never struck a blow in her life and when a pistol accidentally is shot and kills Madame Defarge, Miss Pross is deafened for life. The fight between these two women shows how Miss Pross was stronger in her loyalty to Lucie than Madame Defarge was in her hatred- love, always so much stronger than hate. (p353) Miss Pross also remains loyal to her brother even though he had previously stolen all of her money and left her. She says that Solomon was the one man worthy of Ladybird (p92) and that he Had the makings in him of one of the best and greatest men in his native country. (p284) The revolutionaries in France prove that a new, fairer French republic can only be achieved with heavy and terrible costs. Personal loves and loyalties must be sacrificed for the good of the nation. When Darnay is arrested for the second time, the guard who seizes him reminds Manette that state interests should be held above personal loyalties. If the Republic demands sacrifices from you, without doubt you as a good patriot will be glad to make them. The Republic goes before all. (p281) Defarge shows courage and loyalty to the revolution when he tries to give a petition to the King At the hazard of his life, darted out before the horses with the petition in his hand. (p163) However, Madame Defarge thinks her husband weak when he pities Doctor Manette and does not want Darnay or Lucie to be killed. If it depended on thee- which happily it does not- thou wouldst rescue this man even now. (p326) Dr. Manette is loyal to his dutiful daughter Lucie. Even when Charles tells him that he is part of the French aristocratic family who caused his long imprisonment in the Bastille, he allows Charles to marry her. Though the shock of this discovery causes a relapse of his old mental state, when he recovers he accepts the marriage of Lucie and Charles for his daughters happiness. Mr. Lorry is extremely loyal to Tellsons Bank. He agrees to go to the bank in Paris even in the midst of the revolution to make sure it is safe. If I were not prepared to submit myself to a few inconveniences for the sake of Tellsons, after all these years, who ought to be? (p226) He describes himself as a man of business and even when he is almost eighty years old, he risks his safety and goes to Paris just to ensure the safety of the bank. Jerry Cruncher tells his wife what he thinks is her duty. A mothers first duty is to blow her boy out. Mr. Cruncher does not like his wife praying because he thinks it affects his work as a grave-robber. You have no more natural sense of duty than the bed of this here Themes river has of a pile, (p156) However, he shows loyalty to Mr. Lorry and to the Manettes when he tells Carton that Roger Cly was not dead as he had not been in his grave when he went to dig it up. Cruncher puts his position at risk when he gives away his secret career. The French aristocracy show a lack of duty and loyalty. They treat the people of France extremely badly. When the Marquis St. Evrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½mondes coach runs over a child he thinks that tossing a coin to the father is enough compensation. Monseneigneur shows no loyalty to his family. When he wanted some money he married his sister to a rich man, treating her like an object rather than a sister. Dr. Manette sees how cruel the Evremendes were when he has to look after the dying lady whom they had taken from her husband on her wedding night. The sacrifice of Sydney Carton is an example of tremendous loyalty to Lucie and her family. Carton loves Lucie so much that he willingly gives up his life to save her husband, Charles Darnay. For you, and for any dear to you, I would do anything. Carton single-handedly thinks up a plan and arranges that he replaces Darnay at the guillotine. Cartons love for Lucie eventually makes him a better person, knowing that he will save Darnay radically changes him, For the first time in many years, he had no strong drink. (p324) Even Mr. Lorry notices the change in him His manner was so fervent and inspiring, (p330). For the first time Carton feels like his life may have a purpose and could be useful Of little worth as life is when we misuse it, (p322)Cartons loyalty to Lucie is extremely important for him, in choosing to die for her, Carton not only enables their happiness but also ensures his spiritual rebirth. It is a far, far better thing that I do than I have ever done, it is a far, far b etter rest that I go to than I have ever known. (p361) We can see through all these characters how important loyalty and duty is. For some people like Carton and Miss Pross, it provides a purpose in life. For others such as Dr. Manette, Lucie and Darnay, duty is what they feel is the right thing to do. Overall, Dickens shows us that duty and loyalty can make you a better person and that sometimes sacrifice is necessary to achieve happiness or to produce something good.

Factors Causing Abusive Behaviour

Factors Causing Abusive Behaviour Discuss the pathways that lead to a child becoming an abuser Introduction Abuse can take many forms, including physical, sexual, psychological or financial[1]. It can also be verbal and emotional[2]. There are frequently difficulties associated with defining abuse[3], which exists within social, cultural and legal parameters; for example using physical chastisement with children in some cultures is considered to be the norm[4]. In the UK, while the use of implements to hit children has been made illegal[5], the debate about smacking continues; it is still permissible to use ‘reasonable chastisement’[6], although there has been criticism of this from such agencies as the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) who assert that any form of physical punishment should be outlawed. Physical abuse is more comprehensively defined as: †¦hitting, shaking, throwing, poisoning, burning, scalding, drowning, suffocating or otherwise causing physical harm†¦(p. 533)[7] The definition of sexual abuse varies according to the nature of the victim (for example in relation to child sexual abuse); however a broad definition is that it involves the misuse of power, which might be combined with the use of force, to gain sexual gratification from a vulnerable person[8] Psychological and emotional abuse have some similarities, however psychological abuse is distinguishable from emotional abuse in that it results in some form of cognitive or mental impairment[9] whereas emotional abuse is, arguably, more difficult to quantify as there is a degree of subjectivity involved; however it has been described as the use of one or more of the following behaviours: humiliation, harassment, verbal abuse, demonstrating jealous and possessive behaviour, using threats, abandonment, destruction or removal of items that are important to the recipient, using controlling behaviour (for example within a relationship) and undermining someone with a view to lowering their self- esteem[10] Financial abuse is defined as: The intentional or opportunistic appropriation of the income, capital or property of a vulnerable person through theft, fraud, deception, undue influence or exploitation†¦ (p. 17).[11] Verbal abuse is frequently a component of other types of abuse; for example psychological and emotional abuse is likely to involve verbal abuse, which essentially, is the use of language which is disrespectful and hurtful to the recipient[12]. A complex form of abuse arises from Munchausen syndrome by Proxy[13]. This involves a parent or care- giver (most frequently the mother) giving an often plausible impression to health practitioners that a child is ill, by falsifying symptoms, providing false specimens, administering substances which affect the child’s health, or by inflicting wounds or interfering with existing injuries. Quite often the mother has some health care experience so is equipped with the knowledge to inform her actions, and is also able to feign concern while at the same time giving the impression of being pleasant and cooperative. Inevitably the child is likely to suffer unnecessary distress, pain and discomfort and as such the effect of this syndrome is considered to be a form of child abuse, involving as it does physical, psychological and emotional harm. Health professionals may unwittingly be complicit in the abuse by conducting investigations and invasive procedures which can cause further dis tress[14]. The mother is motivated by her own psychological needs for attention and a sense of worth. The reasons why somebody should develop this syndrome are not clear, and various theories of causation have been put forward, such as personality disorder, depressive illness, emotional disturbance and substance abuse[15]. Some sources report that the mother herself may have been abused as a child[16]. If this is the case then this could be one explanation for why a child becomes an abuser. There are various manifestations of abuse within the context of this question. Some children demonstrate abusive behaviour while still in their childhood[17]; a notorious and extreme example of this is the murder of two- year old James Bulger by two ten year old boys in 1993[18]. Other children go on to display abusive behaviour during their adolescence[19],[20],[21] while in other people, abusive behaviour does not emerge until adulthood despite it being possible to trace influential factors back to their childhood[22] The abused who becomes the abuser It is a widely held assumption that people who become abusers, were abused themselves and indeed there is evidence to support this contention[23],[24] . Children who grow up within an abusive environment are three times more likely to become abusers, however it also important to acknowledge that not all children who have been abused go on to become abusers[25]. It would appear that it is more likely for abused children to become abusers if they grow up within an environment where multifactorial influences are present such as a family history of violence, sexual abuse by a female, maternal neglect and lack of supervision[26],[27] . It is important to gain an understanding of why children who have been abused might themselves become abusers, as these factors can be addressed as part of a preventative strategy (breaking the cycle of abuse). Firstly there is evidence that there may be intergenerational transmission of parenting style, whether good or bad; the child simply goes on to prac tice what they have absorbed as a child, some of which might be on an unconscious level[28] . It is also possible that the person is left with feelings of rage, anger and resentment from having been abused and the disempowering effect that this has had on them. They might go on to project these feelings onto a more vulnerable person than they such as a child; using them to vent their feelings manifested as a form of abuse. The person who was abused as a child might feel angry if they are unable to punish or hurt the perpetrator of their abuse and instead might turn on a substitute who becomes the object of their frustrations[29],[30]. They might even use the victim of their abuse as a means of offloading the residual emotions they have as a result of their own experiences of abuse. Ward and Siegert’s pathways model[31] reflects the terminology within the title and offers some explanations for the reasons that people go on to commit sexual abuse, specifically. There are five pathways within this model: intimacy and social skills deficits; deviant sexual scripts; emotional dysregulation; anti- social cognitions and multiple dysfunctional mechanisms. These are relevant to the question because the origin of sexually abusive behaviour is linked to early life experiences within at least three of these pathways; it is the manifestation of the behaviours that varies. Intimacy and social skills deficits are associated with childhood experiences of abuse and neglect and insecure attachment relationships with adults. .Elsewhere attachment deficit has been cited as a cause of violent behaviour in adulthood towards a partner, which is associated with fear of abandonment[32]. The deviant sexual scripts pathway is explained by the experience of childhood sexual abuse; the individual’s ‘sexual script’ reflecting their past experience. Multiple dysfunctional mechanisms are said to develop from childhood experiences of sexual victimisation or early exposure to sexual behaviour and/ or material. The value of this model has been identified as offering a framework for appropriate treatment for sex offenders, as the underlying reason for the behaviour can be identified and addressed[33]. Psychosocial factors Psychosocial factors such as parental loss due to death, separation or divorce have been linked with children becoming abusers[34]; however the likelihood of this occurring is increased if there are multiple factors involved, as indicated on p. 4, para. 1. It is also possible that the child who has not been directly abused themselves, but has witnessed violence at close quarters, for example their mother being abused by their father, learns that violence is an appropriate behaviour in relation to the resolution of conflict[35]. However it could be argued that exposing children to such behaviour in itself constitutes a form of abuse, as it is distressing and can have long- term psychological effects. In relation to exposure to violence, there is a body of evidence to link the relationship between playing violent video games, and watching violent films, with an increase in aggressive behaviour[36],[37] . A link was made between the killing of James Bulger (referred to above on p. 3, pa ra. 2) and the influence of video violence, although there were also several other proposed causes for the incident[38]. There are also links made between socioeconomic factors and the incidence of abuse[39],[40], however once again there are likely to be other, interrelated contributory factors, such as unemployment and alcohol or drug abuse. Conclusion An extensive review of the literature yields a compelling argument that many abusers were themselves abused as children. However it is also clear that not all children who have been abused become abusers themselves. There are gaps in the literature in relation to examining the reasons why some individuals and not others, are able to turn away from the effects of abuse. It would appear that the reasons why a child becomes an abuser are complex and multifactorial; it has been suggested at several points in this essay that the effects of one single causative factor can be strengthened by the presence of other negative factors. In summary, the factors that might cause a child to become an abuser include: being the victim of abuse, be it physical, sexual, emotional or a combination of one or more types; being exposed to violent behaviour (for example between parents); exposure to materials that depict violence, such as magazines, films and video games; emotional deprivation leading to att achment deficit; loss of a parent; exposure to sexually explicit materials and/ or behaviour; neglect; the abuse of alcohol and/ or drugs within the home; poverty and a lack of (non- abusive) discipline and guidance. References Abuse definitions and symptoms. Verbal Abuse. http://www.nemasys.com/ghostwolf/Resources/abusedef.shtml 2004 Accessed: 1st February 2007. Adshead G and Brooke D (eds.) Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy: current issues in assessment, treatment and research. Imperial College Press 2001. Bagley C. Child Abusers: Research and Treatment. Universal Publishers. 2003. p.2 bbc.co.uk. 1993: Two boys charged with toddlers murder. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/20/newsid_2552000/2552185.stm. Accessed: 1st February 2007. bbc.co.uk. New smacking law comes into force. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4175905.stm 2005. Accessed: 1st February 2007. Boyles S. Do Sexually Abused Kids Become Abusers? WebMD. http://www.webmd.com/content/article/60/67158.htm 2003 Accessed: 31 January 2007. Brogden M and Nijhar P Crime, Abuse and the Elderly. Willan Publishing. 2000. p. 44 Brown S. Treating Sex Offenders: an introduction to sex offender treatment programmes. Willan Publishing. 2005. p. 93. Cannon M. Invited commentaries on: Cycle of child sexual abuse: links between being a victim and becoming a perpetrator. The British Journal of Psychiatry 179 2001 pp. 495-496 Cardwell M and Flanagan C Psychology A2. Nelson Thornes. 2003. p. 53 Catherall D. The Handbook of Stress, Trauma, and the Family. Routledge. 2004. p. 385. Cohle S and Byard R. Sudden Death in Infancy, Childhood and Adolescence. Cambridge University Press. 2004. p.138 Duncan K. Healing From The Trauma Of Childhood Sexual Abuse: the journey for women. Praeger/Greenwood 2004. p. 205. Elliot J and Place M. Children in Difficulty: A Guide to Understanding and Helping. Routledge 2004. pp. 110-111 Erooga M. Children and Young People Who Sexually Abuse Others: challenges and responses. Routledge 1999. Flowers R Domestic Crimes, Family Violence and Child Abuse: A Study of Contemporary American SocietyMcFarland Company. 2000. p. 14. Goodwin J. Munchausen’s Syndrome as a dissociative disorder. https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/dspace/bitstream/1794/1331/1/Diss_1_1_6_OCR.pdf Accessed: 2nd February 2007 Greer S. Territorial Politics and Health Policy: UK Health Policy in Comparative Perspective. Manchester University Press. 2005. p.59 Hagell A Jeyarajah-Dent R Children Who Commit Acts of Serious Interpersonal Violence: Messages for Practice. Jessica Kinglsey publishers. 2006. p. 75. Hill M and Lockyer A. Youth Justice and Child Protection. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 2006. p.124. Hines D and Malley- Morrison K. Family Violence in a Cultural Perspective. Sage Publications. 2004. pp. 4, 49. Horton I and Feltham C. The Sage Handbook of Counselling And Psychotherapy. Sage Publicaiotns 2006. p. 464. Itzin C. Home truths about child sexual abuse: a reader. Routledge 2000. p.222. Kandel Englander, E. Understanding violence. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 2002. p.11 Knauer S. Recovering from Sexual Abuse, Addictions, and Compulsive Behaviors: Numb Survivors. Haworth Press. 2002. pp. 146-7 Krahe B. The Social Psychology of Aggression. Psychology Press (UK). 2001. p. 161. Marshall W, O’Reilly G, Carr A and Beckett R. Handbook of Clinical Intervention with Young People Who Sexually Abuse. Psychology Press. 2004. pp. 47-50 Macleod-Brudene I. Advanced Early Years Care and Education: For Levels 4 and 5. Harcourt Heinemann. 2004. p. 397 McAuley C, Pecora P and Rose W. Enhancing the Well Being of Children And Families Through Effective Interventions. Jessica Kingsley Publishers 2006. p. 144. Mukherji P. Understanding Childrens Challenging Behaviour. Nelson Thornes 2001. p. 58. National Audit Office. protecting and promoting the financial affairs of people who lose mental capacity. The Stationery Office. 2005. p. 17. Plat- Jones J. Domestic violence: the role of health professionals. Nursing Standard. 21(14-15-16) 2006pp. 44-48 Reference.com. James Bulger. http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/James_Bulger. Accessed: 1st February 2007 Sigelman C and Rider E. Life- span Human Development. Thomson Wadsworth. 2005. p. 449 Skuse D and Bouvier P. Risk of sexually abused children becoming adult abusers lower than once thought. The Lancet February 2003. Stosny S. Treating Attachment Abuse: A Compassionate ApproachSpringer Publishing 1995. pp. 42-44. Tilley N. Handbook Of Crime Prevention And Community Safety. Willan Publishing. 2005. p. 533 Wilson R. Fabricated or induced illness in children. British Medical Journal. 323. 2001. pp. 296-297 Total word count (does not include footnotes) 2253 1 Footnotes [1]Brogden M and Nijhar P Crime, Abuse and the Elderly. Willan Publishing. 2000. p. 44 [2] Flowers R Domestic Crimes, Family Violence and Child Abuse: A Study of Contemporary American SocietyMcFarland Company. 2000. p. 14. [3],10Hines D and Malley- Morrison K. Family Violence in a Cultural Perspective. Sage Publications. 2004. pp. 4, 49 [4] Mukherji P. Understanding Childrens Challenging Behaviour. Nelson Thornes 2001. p. 58. [5] Macleod-Brudene I. Advanced Early Years Care and Education: For Levels 4 and 5. Harcourt Heinemann. 2004. p. 397. [6] bbc.co.uk. New smacking law comes into force. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4175905.stm 2005. Accessed: 1st February 2007. [7] Tilley N. Handbook Of Crime Prevention And Community Safety. Willan Publishing. 2005. p. 533. [8] Horton I and Feltham C. The Sage Handbook of Counselling And Psychotherapy. Sage Publicaiotns 2006. p. 464. [9] Krahe B. The Social Psychology of Aggression. Psychology Press (UK). 2001. p. 161. [10] [11] National Audit Office. protecting and promoting the financial affairs of people who lose mental capacity. The Stationery Office. 2005. p. 17. [12] Abuse definitions and symptoms. Verbal Abuse. http://www.nemasys.com/ghostwolf/Resources/abusedef.shtml 2004 Accessed: 1st February 2007. [13] Adshead G and Brooke D (eds.) Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy: current issues in assessment , treatment and research. Imperial College Press 2001. [14] Wilson R. Fabricated or induced illness in children. British Medical Journal. 323. 2001. pp. 296-297. [15] Cohle S and Byard R. Sudden Death in Infancy, Childhood and Adolescence. Cambridge University Press. 2004. p.138 [16] Goodwin J. Munchausen’s Syndrome as a dissociative disorder. https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/dspace/bitstream/1794/1331/1/Diss_1_1_6_OCR.pdf Accessed: 2nd February 2007 [17] Erooga M. Children and Young People Who Sexually Abuse Others: challenges and responses. Routledge 1999. [18] bbc.co.uk. 1993: Two boys charged with toddlers murder. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/20/newsid_2552000/2552185.stm. Accessed 1st February 2007. [19], 23Hagell A Jeyarajah-Dent R Children Who Commit Acts of Serious Interpersonal Violence: Messages for Practice. Jessica Kinglsey publishers. 2006. p. 75. [20] Elliot J and Place M. Children in Difficulty: A Guide to Understanding and Helping. Routledge 2004. pp. 110-111 [21] Itzin C. Home truths about child sexual abuse: a reader. Routledge 2000. p.222. [22] Bagley C. Child Abusers: Research and Treatment. Universal Publishers. 2003. p.2 [23] [24] McAuley C, Pecora P and Rose W. Enhancing the Well Being of Children And Families Through Effective Interventions. Jessica Kingsley Publishers 2006. p. 144. [25],26 Boyles S. Do Sexually Abused Kids Become Abusers? WebMD. http://www.webmd.com/content/article/60/67158.htm 2003. Accessed: 31 January 2007. [26] [27] Skuse D and Bouvier P. Risk of sexually abused children becoming adult abusers lower than once thought. The Lancet February 2003. [28] Sigelman C and Rider E. Life- span Human Development. Thomson Wadsworth. 2005. p. 449 [29] Duncan K. Healing From The Trauma Of Childhood Sexual Abuse: the journey for women. Praeger/Greenwood 2004. p. 205. [30] Knauer S. Recovering from Sexual Abuse, Addictions, and Compulsive Behaviours: Numb Survivors. Haworth Press. 2002. pp. 146-7 [31] Marshall W, O’Reilly G, Carr A and Beckett R. Handbook of Clinical Intervention with Young People Who Sexually Abuse. Psychology Press. 2004. pp. 47-50 [32] Stosny S. Treating Attachment Abuse: A Compassionate Approach. Springer Publishing 1995. pp. 42-44. [33] Brown S. Treating Sex Offenders: an introduction to sex offender treatment programmes. Willan Publishing. 2005. p. 93. [34] Cannon M. Invited commentaries on: Cycle of child sexual abuse: links between being a victim and becoming a perpetrator. The British Journal of Psychiatry 179 2001 pp. 495-496 [35] Plat- Jones J. Domestic violence: the role of health professionals. Nursing Standard. 21(14-15-16) 2006pp. 44-48 [36] Kandel Englander, E. Understanding violence. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 2002. p.11 [37] Cardwell M and Flanagan C Psychology A2. Nelson Thornes. 2003. p. 53. [38] Reference.com. James Bulger. http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/James_Bulger. Accessed: 1st February 2007. [39] Hill M and Lockyer A. Youth Justice and Child Protection. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 2006. p.124. [40] Greer S. Territorial Politics and Health Policy: UK Health Policy in Comparative Perspective. Manchester University Press. 2005. p.59.

Policies for the Prevention of Fraud and Mismanagement

Policies for the Prevention of Fraud and Mismanagement PURPOSE The Prevention of Fraud and Mismanagement Policy outlines measures taken by the Institute to prevent fraud and mismanagement. SCOPE This policy applies to all members of staff. STATEMENT Rosary Tertiary Institute is committed to dealing with fraud prevention. The Professional Conduct of Staff is the principle guide for dealing with fraud prevention. It states that staff members are required to inform themselves about fraud controls, to inform the institute if they suspect acts of fraud and that if a staff member commits an act of fraud it will be investigated. This Policy is supported by the Theft, Fraud and Corrupt Conduct Procedure, which summarises the procedures to be used once an allegation of fraud is made to a senior staff member. PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT OF STAFF Staff Responsibilities Rosary Tertiary Institute seeks to create a safe and rewarding learning and working environment based on the principles of the Catholic faith, justice, equity, harmony, tolerance and pursuit of excellence while protecting the resources of the Institute and respect for individuals, the law and the governance of the Institute. In circumstances where staff conduct does not meet the standards set out in this policy and related procedures, senior members of staff may speak with the individual concerned in an attempt to remedy the situation. In cases where the misconduct exceeds the scope of authority, the matter may be referred to the proper civil authority. Personal and Professional Behaviour Staff must uphold the values of the Institute outlined in the Prospectus. Staff must maintain a high standard of conduct and level of performance while demonstrating courtesy, equity and fairness in dealing with staff, students, contractors, visitors and members of the public. The rights, duties and aspirations of others will be respected at all times. Staff must perform their duties in a professional manner with skill, care and diligence and with a proper utilisation of their authority. Staff must treat others fairly and with respect and must not engage in any harassing, bullying or discriminatory behaviour. Staff in administrative positions will maintain, as far as possible, a safe and orderly working environment. Staff must endeavour to ensure that their actions or decisions do not harm the health, safety and well-being of themselves or others, nor affect their work performance or that of others and must comply with the STAC Occupational Health and Safety Standards. Staff in management positions must ensure that all staff have the necessary qualifications to fulfil the responsibilities of the positions they occupy. Staff must ensure that relationships with students are professional, respectful and trusting. Staff must acknowledge that they have a responsibility to protect the interests of students and to acknowledge and resolve any conflicts of interest that may arise; to respect staff-student relationships and to accept the obligations involved in their responsibilities. Institute Finances Staff will maintain the highest standards of integrity in financial matters and, particularly, will comply with the requirements relevant to financial management legislation and the Institutes financial procedures which have been taken from the rule and constitution of the Dominican Sisters of Wanganui. Protection of Institute Resources Staff must utilise and maintain Institute equipment and resources in an economical and efficient manner and exclusively for Institute purposes; Staff must secure Institute equipment and resources against misuse or theft; Staff must follow all procedures governing the use of the Institutes electronic communications systems, and avoid excessive personal use of the Institutes electronic communications systems which incurs additional cost to the Institute. Staff must ensure the protection of the privacy of others and the maintenance of appropriate confidentiality with regard to personal matters and information acquired in the course of their employment and will use information only for purposes related to work Staff must maintain the confidentiality of official and personal information for which they are responsible and take all precautions to prevent all unauthorised access to or misuse of the Institutes records and information Staff must comply with all relevant copyright and records management policies and procedures. Respect for the Law and Tertiary Institute governance Staff must comply with all laws, regulations, codes, policies and procedures. Staff may report to management any behaviour that is in violation of any law, rule or regulation or that represents improper conduct, mismanagement of resources, or is a danger to public health and safety. The Institute does not tolerate improper conduct by Institute Staff or Board members, nor the acceptance of reprisals against those who offer to disclose such conduct. The Institute recognises the value of clarity and accountability in its administrative and management activities and supports the making of disclosures that reveal corrupt and improper conduct. The Institute will take the necessary and practical steps to protect individuals who make disclosures as described above in article 5.4 from any detrimental action in response for making the disclosure. The Institute will protect the confidentiality of the disclosure and the identity of the person who made the disclosure and allow procedural fairness to all parties concerned, including the one who is subject to the disclosure. Staff will not harass or take rash action in response to actual or suspected disclosures or participation in an investigation into such a disclosure. 6. Conflict of Interest 6.1 Staff will act with best interests of the Institute in mind when carrying out the duties of their position and must not allow their private interests or the interests of others inhibit them in this obligation. 7. Gifts 7.1 All gifts to staff will be managed according to the Constitutions of the Dominican Sisters of Wanganui. 8. Academic Integrity 8.1 Staff will maintain a high ethical and academic standard according to the Constitutions of the Dominican Sisters of Wanganui. 9. Misconduct 9.1 The Institute will carry out any necessary disciplinary action for misconduct and unsatisfactory performance according to the Rule and Constitutions of the Dominican Sisters of Wanganui. 9.2 Disciplinary action will be at the discretion of the local Prioress and/ or Mother Prioress General, as per the Rule and Constitutions of the Dominican Sisters of Wanganui. 9.3 Requests for review of a disciplinary action will be managed according to the Rule and Constitutions of the Dominican Sisters of Wanganui. 10. Theft, fraud and corrupt conduct 10.1 The Institute does not tolerate fraud or corrupt activity. 10.2 All staff are required to familiarise themselves with the Rule and Constitutions of the Dominican Sisters of Wanganui and fulfil their duties in accordance with them. 10.3 All Staff are expected to report any suspected fraudulent or corrupt activity to the Director. B.   Theft, Fraud and Corrupt Conduct Procedure 1. Approach to theft, fraud and corrupt conduct 1.1 The Institute is committed to preventing occurrence of theft, fraud and corrupt conduct. This will be achieved through: Risk management strategies Prevention strategies Detection strategies Response strategies 2. Risk Management 2.1 Risk management will be carried out in accordance with RTIs Risk Management Policy. 3. Preventative controls 3.1 To prevent theft, fraud and corrupt conduct, the Institute will have internal controls to avoid this. These will include: financial delegations, lines of authority and accountabilities, segregation of duties, approval processes, etc. 3.3 The Director will inform staff of how to prevent and report suspected fraud and corrupt conduct. 3.4 Supervisors will ensure that the following staff are familiar with and comply with the Rule and Constitutions of the Dominican Sister of Wanganui: Staff delegated to make financial decisions Staff delegated to make staff appointment decisions Staff delegated to manage contracts 3.5 Staff delegated to engage external contractors or suppliers will ensure that the contractors or suppliers are financially sustainable individuals or businesses before engaging their services. 3.6 The Risk Management Team will provide staff with a risk management tool to enable staff responsible for engaging contractors and suppliers to identify the level of risk and the level of critical examination required for each procurement activity. 4. Fraud detection controls 4.1 The Director will analyse the accuracy of all transactions. 4.2 The Director will ensure that those staff with delegated financial duties will analyse transactions for approval of the following: Validity Accuracy Invoice coding Invoices addressed to Rosary Tertiary Institute Goods and services tax (GST) calculations 4.3 The Director will give a monthly account of her receipts and expenditure to the local Prioress and conduct an annual internal financial audit, as per the Constitutions of the Dominican Sisters of Wanganui. 5. Reporting of theft, fraud and corrupt conduct 5.1 A staff member who suspects that an act of theft, fraud or corrupt conduct may be about to occur, is occurring or has occurred must report such suspicions to their head of department, the Director, the local Prioress or the Mother Prioress General. 5.2 On receiving a report of suspected theft, fraud or corrupt conduct, the head of department or Director will: Record the time, date and details of the report made Refer the report (including anonymous reports where there is adequate supporting information) to the local Prioress or Prioress General immediately and before any investigation of such allegations is undertaken. 5.3 Where a report of suspected theft, fraud or corrupt conduct made involves a senior officer of the Institute, the Director will refer the report to the local Prioress or, in case of her unavailability, the Prioress General. 5.4 The Institutes public information will inform individuals who are not staff or students of the Institute how to file a complaint regarding improper conduct, detrimental action or other corrupt conduct or misconduct by the Institute, its staff and its officers. 5.5 Where the local Prioress or Prioress General determine that an allegation as a deliberate false allegation of fraud, theft, or corrupt conduct, the staff member who made the allegation will be dealt with according to the Rule and Constitutions of the Dominican Sisters of Wanganui. 6. Investigation 6.1 The Director will assess whether a report of suspected fraud, theft or corrupt conduct warrants further investigation. 6.2 Where a preliminary investigation of allegations of theft, fraud or corrupt conduct by a staff member is required, the Director will appoint investigation officers and provide them with reference terms. The investigation officers will conduct all investigations according to the Rule and Constitutions of the Dominican Sisters of Wanganui. 6.3 Where an external contractor to the Institute is involved in suspected theft, fraud or corrupt conduct, the Director will notify all departments who have engaged the external contractor and all other relevant areas of the Institute. At the conclusion of the preliminary investigation, the Director may: Take no further action Refer the matter to Legal Services Conduct a full investigation On the advice of the Mother Prioress General, report the theft, fraud or corrupt conduct to the police for further action where evidence of theft or fraud is found to be of a serious nature and a prima facie case has been established. 7. Insurance cover 7.1 The Director is responsible for ensuring that the Institutes management liability insurance coverage is current and will cover the Institute for the risk of loss incurred from theft, fraud or corrupt activity and externally instigated fraud. 8. Statutory reporting requirements 8.1 Where alleged theft, fraud or corrupt conduct have been found to involve the embezzlement of money, stores or property, the Director will report the matter to the Victorian Minister of Tertiary Education and Auditor-General of Victoria as required under the Financial Management Act 1994 (Vic). 9. Review of procedures and controls 9.1 The Director will review internal controls relating to theft, fraud and corrupt conduct. 9.2 The Director will follow up with management responsible for the area affected by theft, fraud or corrupt conduct to ensure that recommendations have been carried out within appropriate timeline. 9.3 In all instances where there is a report of theft, fraud or corrupt conduct, the Director will review the procedures and controls in operation within the department and advise the Director of this review, including any action taken to address any inadequacies discovered. 10. Records 10.1 The Administrator will retain the records of all theft, fraud and corrupt conduct investigations. 11. Confidentiality 11.1 A staff member who is involved in or becomes aware of theft, fraud or corrupt conduct investigation will retain the details and investigation results confidential, subject to the needs of the Institute, the Director and the police during their investigation. 11.2 Staff will not discuss or report any suspected or proven occurrence of theft, fraud or corrupt conduct to the media. PRIVACY POLICY Policy Number Version Number Policy Developer #34 #1 Administrator Approving Body Date of Approval Last Amendment Date RTI Board of Governors 4th March, 2017 4th March, 2017 Last Review Date Next Review Date Status 4th March, 2017 4th March, 2020 Filed This policy has been benchmarked with the Privacy Policy of Eastern College Australia

A Humean Theory of Distributive Justice Essay -- Hume Dworkin Entrepre

This paper suggests a strategy for constructing a contemporary Humean theory of distributive justice which would serve to ground what I call an entrepreneurial welfare state. It is argued that blending David Hume's insights about the origins and purposes of justice with Ronald Dworkin's insurance-based reasoning supporting his equality of resources model of distributive justice will yield a state which, as a matter of justice, encourages its members to engage in entrepreneurial activities and which protects them from the worst extremes of market economies. Introduction I claim that an attractive theory of distributive justice can be constructed by blending David Hume's ideas about the origins and purposes of justice with Ronald Dworkin's insurance-based justification for his equality of resources model of distributive justice. The resulting theory—less egalitarian than Dworkin's and more liberal than Hume's—recommends adopting an entrepreneurial welfare state.. Hume on the Human Situation Hume begins his account of the origins of justice by observing that animals tend to fit into two categories: either they are lion-like, having substantial needs and great resources with which to satisfy those needs, or they are sheep-like, having little in the way of abilities to satisfy their needs but also having correspondingly few needs. All animals have abilities and capacities sufficient to fulfill their needs. Both lions, with their prodigious appetites and means of satisfying those appetites, and sheep, with their modest appetites and modest means of satisfying those appetites, could survive on their own in the wild. But humans, Hume claims, are quite different. Like lions, we have substantial needs. But like sheep, we hav... ... and Practice of Equality, page 72, (italics added). 17. We can distinguish between two kinds of luck: option luck and brute luck." Option luck is a matter of how deliberate and calculated gambles turn out—whether someone gains or loses through accepting an isolated risk he or she should have anticipated and might have declined... Brute luck is a matter of how risks fall out that are not in that sense deliberate gambles." Dworkin, Sovereign Virtue: The Theory and Practice of Equality, page 73. 18. The ideas in this paper benefited from comments by audiences at the Atlantic Regional Philosophical Association meetings at Acadia University, the Canadian Philosophical Association meetings at Memorial University, and at the Philosophy Department at Dalhousie University. For extended discussion I thank Nathan Brett, Susan Dimock, Duncan MacIntosh, and Thea E. Smith.

Exhange Risk Faced by Multinational Corporations (MNCs) Essay -- Exhan

â€Å"Exchange rates are the amount of one country’s currency needed to purchase one unit of another currency (Brealey 1999, p. 625)†. People wanting to exchange some money for their vacation trip will not be too much bothered with shifts if the exchange rates. However, for multinational companies, dealing with very large amounts of money in their transactions, the rise or fall of a currency can mean getting a surplus or a deficit on their balance sheets. What types of exchange rate risks do multinational companies face?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One type of exchange risk faced by multinational companies is transaction risk. If a company sells products to an overseas customer it might be subject to transaction risk. If a UK company is expecting a payment from a US customer in June and the invoice was made in January, the exchange rate is bound to have changed during the period. If the deal was worth  £1,000,000 and the american dollar compared to pound sterling weakened from US$1.40 in January to US$1.50 in June, the UK company would loose  £47,619 (Appendix A).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Economic risk is another type of exchange risks companies have to consider when dealing globally. Changes in exchange rates are bound to affect the relative prices on imports and exports, and that will again affect the competitiveness of a company. An UK exporter dealing with companies in the US would not want the US$ to depreciate, because it would make the exports more expensive for the US market, thus the company will loose business.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other types of exchange rate risks are translation risk and so-called hidden risk. The translation risk relates to cases where large multinational companies have subsidiaries in other countries. On the financial statement of the whole group, the company may have to translate the assets and liabilities from foreign accounts into the group statement. The translation will involve foreign exchange exposure. The term hidden risk evolves around the fact that all companies are subject to exchange rate risks, even if they don’t do business with companies using other currencies. A company that is buying supplies from a local manufacturer might be affected of fluctuating foreign exchange rates if the local manufacturer is doing business with overseas companies. If a manufacturer goes out of business, or experience heavy losses, it will affect all the companies it does business with. The co... ...he curve. Appendix A. Transaction Risk:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A UK exporter invoicing US$1,000,000 in January for payment in June. Spot rates: January: US$1.40  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £714,286   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  February: US$1.50  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £666,667   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Loss on transaction:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £47,619 ( £714,286 -  £666,667) Appendix B. Interest Rates: i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A company borrows  £100,000 from a bank at 8% interest rate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £100,000 X 1.08 =  £108,000 ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A company borrows  £2,000,000 in 1998, with a fixed interest rate of 8%, payable annually for a 5 year period. Fixed annual interest, 8%:  £2,000,000 X 0.08 =  £160,000 New annual interest, 6%:  £2,000,000 X 0.06 =  £120,000 Annual loss, 6% vs. 8%:  £160,000 -  £120,000 =  £40,000 References: http://www.expedia.com, 22/11/2000, http://www.expedia.com/pub/Agent.dll Brealey, Richard A., Marcus, Alan J., Myers, Stewart C. 1999, Fundamentals of Corporate Finance, 2nd edn, Craig S. Beytien, USA. Howells, Peter., Bain, Keith 2000, Financial Markets and Institutions, 3rd edn, Henry King Ltd., Great Britain. Ritter, Lawrence R., Silber, William L., Udell, Gregory F. 2000, Money, banking, and Financial Markets, 10th edn, USA.

Equality, Diversity and Rights in Health and Social Care Essay

In this task I am going to be explaining what discrimination is and how it affects people around us. I am also going to be talking about covert and over power of abuse, infringement or rights, discriminatory practice, prejudice, stereotyping and labelling, bullying, loss of rights and also disempowerment. Discriminatory practice means to make choices based upon their categories, like values and beliefs, gender, age, race or religion. Discriminating involves infringement of rights, covert and overt abuse of power, prejudice, stereotyping, labelling, bulling and abuse. If a Muslim woman wanted to work in a health and social care setting and didn’t get the job because of her religion or skin colour this would be discrimination. Discrimination towards a person when working in a health and social care setting has to be taken very seriously, if a person is found out to be discriminating a person this could result in the person losing their job. http://www.rbkc.gov.uk/healthandsocial care Everyone is entitles to have their rights respected and followed, everyone is entitled to right no matter what their race, religion, age or gender is. When working in a health and social care setting for example an elderly care home, all residents have the right to choice, choice of what they want to eat and when they want to eat and when they want to get up in the morning. Care workers must promote the tights of the people they are caring for. Infringement of Rights is when someone’s individual rights are not respected or denied. Muslim people do not eat pork or anything containing gelatine, gelatine comes from pork so when eating something Muslim people have to be aware of what is in their food. It is against their religion to eat any type of pork substance. If a Muslim woman was been cared for in an elderly care home and the care workers served her pork and there were no other options of food she could have this would be taking away her rights and beliefs, this is an example of infringement of rights. It is unacceptable for staff to abuse their power, like making decisions without involving the elderly residents and not a llowing the elderly to make their own choices. Covert abuse is when a person is abusing someone but in a secretive sly way. In a way that is  hidden from anyone elder, this abuse is not physical but is the abuse of power taking away the elderly’s right as an individual. A care worker should ask an elderly resident what they would like for breakfast but if a care worker was using covert abuse against the elderly the elderly person would not be given a choice on what they want for breakfast they would just get what the care worker gives them. If someone using covert abuse they are taking away the choices an individual is entitled too. Abuse of power is denied as a misuse of power, no matter what the context. It can be in the government, in the home or in the work place that the abuse of power is occurring covertly. Covert abuse is an act of discriminatory practice by someone who uses hidden use of power or authority to discriminate a person or social groupings. Such as age, culture, sexuality, gender, family status and health status. Overt abuse of power is when a person abuses their power in an obvious way, the abuser is often more aggressive and physically or psychologically violent. They can be very abusive to the residents and can act with subversive behaviours like spying or phone-tapping, vicious name calling, use sex as a tool for manipulation and self satisfaction, spend large amounts of money without respect for the victims needs and deny love and affection. An example of this is when a person has a purse and a care worker takes money out of it on a regular basis. Overt abuse of power is also discriminatory practice, however unlike covert abuse of power it is the openly use of power and authority to discriminate. http://www.blurtit.com/ Prejudices means judging someone before you have met them and know them. Prejudice is judgement towards people of a person because of their gender, social class, age, disability, religion, sexuality, race/ethnicity, nationality or other personal characteristics. An example of prejudice is if a care worker was talking about an elderly person who was just about to come in to the care home, the care worker may off looked at the elderly person’s notes and seen that the elderly woman is Sikh, the care worker may judge the elderly person because of her religion. This is an example of prejudice because the care worker has judged the elderly without meeting her or knowing her If someone is been prejudice against this can have affects on their health and well-being. If an elderly person feels like they are been judged because of their religion then this could make them discriminated against. It can also make them feel lonely and could  make them feel isolated from other residents. The elderly person could get depressed and this then could have an impact on her physical health, she may feel worn down, lack of energy and this could lead to major health problems such as the immune system going down and this could lead to infections. It is important when working in a health and social care setting that a person is not prejudiced against. http://www.simplypsychology.org/prejudice.html Another example of prejudice is if a man is expected into the care home and he is in a wheelchair, a care worker may have already judged the person and worked out the things he can and cannot do without meeting him. The man may be able to do many things but because the care worker has already judged what he can and can’t do without meeting him this could have affects on his development. If the man in the wheelchair can walk a short distance but the care worker does not think he should then this could delay his development with walking, the man then could stop walking the short distance he can and then in time may not be able to at all because he may not want to, or because he body will get used to not walking so when he try’s it will be harder. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/rs/prejudice/ Not everyone is the same and everyone should be treated differently according to their needs. Stereotyping is when a person or a group of people puts for example and elderly person in a certain category or group because of their age, capabilities, gender or beliefs. It is important when working in a health and social care setting that a care worker does not stereotype. Stereotyping is seen as a form of discrimination and this can have a bad affect on the person. The affects stereotyping can have on a person is low self esteem, if a person is affected by stereotyping they could develop low self esteem, mental health issues such a depression, the person who is been stereotyped could feel isolated or picked on. http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/emotional_health/mental_health/emotion_esteem.shtm Labelling is similar to stereotyping but instead of being complex they are one word like calling an elderly person a whiner. When an elderly person is constantly being referred as a label they stop being people and it may reduce the elderly persons self esteem, dignity and individuality. Labelling people causes them to lose motivation and self-esteem as it closes the mind  of the person who sticks the label. The labeller gets a general perception of the subject and allows him no room for change or improvement. http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Harmful-Effects-of-Labelling-People&id=4705852 Stereotyping and labelling could be overcome if care practitioners stopped making assumptions and looked after the elderly person to a high standard. When working in a health and social care setting it is important that a care worker does not bully anyone that could be staff or residents if working in an elderly care home. Bulling is a form of discrimination and is an evil act towards someone. Bullying means using your power to intimidate another person. Bullying could include staff bullying, older staff bulling younger staff or even staff bullying residents. Bullying could be giving looks to other people, a member of staff could pull a horrible look at a resident, and the resident then could feel bullied. Another form of bullying is humiliation, if an elderly person is humiliated by a member of staff then this is seen as bullying, never should a care worker humiliate or put a resident in an awkward position. This could result in low self-esteem or depression which then has affects on the person’s health and well-being. There is a bulling system which is called cyber bullying, this includes bullying from the internet, email and mobile phones, and this is now one of the most popular ways of bulling a person. These can be physical, verbal or written. All forms of bulling are discrimination. A form a cyber bulling is if a care worker talks to another via internet about a resident in a care home, calling the person names or picking on things about the elder, this is cyber bulling and is not accepted when working in a health and social care setting. When working in a health and social care setting abuse is not allowed, if it is physical, sexual or mental all form of abuse are not accepted and are forms of discrimination towards a person. When working in a health and social care setting abuse should not be accepted, people who work in an elderly care home or visit elderly people’s homes can also target older people and financially abuse them. Financial abuse is when a care worker regularly takes money from an elderly person, weather it stealing without them knowing if taking it from them though a threat towards them. If an elderly person feel threatened they are more likely to give into the abuse. Physical abuse is manhandling a person in a way that is not accepted or a way that hurts the person. For example if a child was sitting on the  floor refusing to move the care worker should not handle the child in a way it will hurt them, a way of doing this would be kicking them out of the way or grabbing their arm in a way that hurts them this is a form of physical abuse as the child has been hurt, this manner is not accepted in any health and social care setting or any type of job. A professional way to solve the problem would be to talk to the child or pick the child up in a soft professional manner. Ageism is discrimination or unfair treatment based on a person’s age. This can have an impact on someone’s confidence, job prospects, financial situation and quality of life, for example if an elderly person wanted a job and they didn’t get it because they were too old this would be ageism towards the elderly person. Age should not matter when getting a job and age discrimination should not be permitted when working in a health and social care setting. Another example of ageism is if a care worker was caring for an elderly person and she made a comment about the elderly person not been able to do something because she is too â€Å"old† this would be age discrimination. Just because a person is old it does not mean they are not capable of doing things. Ageism could also happen to a younger person, a younger person could be seen as â€Å"thick† because they do not have much life experience this could result in it been harder for a younger person to get a job. This could affect the younger person because they may lose self esteem and may rely on benefits. This type of discrimination and should not be tolerated when working in a health and social care setting. An older person may see some affects in their life because of their age, the may lose their job or be forced into redundancy so that a younger person can take their place. Some elderly people may not be entitled to disability benefit even if they qualify because of their age. The possible outcomes of discriminating against someone are: * Feeling intimidated because the person could say some horrible things or make the elderly person feel alone * Feeling bullied because being discriminated against is an act of bulling * Frustrated because they might not know what to do to solve the discrimination towards the, or they are not getting the right help or support * Their health may deteriorate e.g., from stress or not receiving the right care, their medicine not been given out or been given out on time, or they could receive the wrong medicine * Feel  annoyed because they might not now what to do to stop the discrimination * Embarrassed to tell anyone because they may feel like people might laugh at them for telling or if it is a care worker discriminating the person the may feel scared to tell anyone incase it got worse or people did not believe them * Feel angry because the have not done anything wrong and do not understand why they are being picked on Marg inalisation is an effect of discrimination. This means being on the edge of society being moved to the edge. It is where individuals or groups are prevented from accessing services, such as health care. It is where a person is cut of from cultural and social activities; this could be from family or a care worker. When a person is marginalized they are made to feel like they are different and this is different in a negative way. For example a lower class person being admitted to a private care trust because there is no room anywhere elder and being surrounded by upper class service users. They may begin to feel like they are been treated differently. They may feel discriminated against because they are not upper class. People who are socially excluded are more likely to be marginalized because they do not have many people around them, people may not want to be around them or include them because they may not have much money or may come from a poor background. http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=481398 Moonie et al. (2003). BETEC National Care. Oxford. Heinemann Disempowerment is when services are expected to fit in with the service rather than the service adapting to meet that persons needs. Disempowerment also means not letting a person make their own choices for themselves, for example not having their own choice what they have for breakfast or what time they get up in the morning. Their choices are made for them without considering the person first. The effect this has on the person is that they may lose all individuality because they have no choices. Another example of disempowerment is if a disabled man applies for a job, his disability is that he is wheelchair bound and he does not get the job because he is in a wheelchair. The reason why he does not get the job is because the building does not have wheelchair access. This is disempowerment towards the person because the place does not fit around him he has to fit around the complications.